Heb je ook soort van bron hiervoor?
Tramadol wordt afgebroken door CYP3A4 en CYP2D6, dat zijn twee van de CYtochroom P450 iso-enzymen (kortweg CYP met een achtervoegsel voor het iso-enzym) die over het algemeen vrij druk zijn met dergelijke stofjes. Hoe of wat 4-FA afbreekt (net even gekeken weer), is niet heel goed bekend. Het kan echter, heel goed zijn, dat deze zelfde enzymen ook 4-FA afbreken in het lichaam.
In dat geval ben je een beetje je eigen proefkonijn..
Hoewel..tijdens het typen hiervan toch eigenlijk nog wat gevonden.
Ik vind net ook een stukje terug dat het misschien helemaal niet door P450 /danwel in überhaupt in de lever wordt gemetaboliseerd.
Metabolism
4-FA is probably entirely unchanged excreted from the body. Likely, 4-FA is not metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 oxidase because the C-F bond at the 4-position on the phenyl ring resists deactivation20.
Duration of effect
Users report that desired effects are seen within an hour of ingestion and the effects last for 5 to 8 hours. When insufflated, the duration of the effects will be shorter22. There are no published data about the duration of the effects of other routes of administration.
Mechanism of action
4-FA strongly inhibits the re-uptake and is a releasing agent of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.19 The IC50 values for inhibiting the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine were 0.77, 6.8 and 0.42 µM, respectively. The EC50 values for stimulating the release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine from synaptosome were 0.2, 0.73, and 0.037 µM, respectively69.
Dose
4-FA is reported to be used in doses of between 75–150 mg for oral administration and 50-75 mg for nasal insufflation22. Data about the doses for other routes of administration is not available.
Clinical effects
The effects are broadly similar to that of amphetamine and MDMA. Therefore, 4-FA produce mainly sympathomimetic effects and also exhibit entactogenic properties19. Users reported that it is slightly more hallucinogenic21.
Desired effects21:
- Euphoria
- Increased energy
- Excessive talking
- Mood elevation
- Increased alertness and awareness
- Reduced appetite
Unwanted effects22:
- Tachycardia
- Headache/dizziness
- Anxiety or paranoia
- Agitation
- Clenching of the jaw
- Difficulty concentrating
- Hyperthermia
- Insomnia
- Harmful/painful to the nose (when snorted)
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Toxicity (concentration)
There is data available were serum samples were positive for 4-FA. Röchrich et al. describe two individuals that were suspected for driving under the influence and seemed to have been impaired by psychostimulant drugs. First, both individuals had been diagnosed as not having used drugs but further toxicological screening revealed 4-FA serum concentrations of 0.35 mg/L and 0.475 mg/L. 4-FA psychoactive effects are expected at these serum concentrations19.
There are no reports of fatalities or overdoses directly related to 4-FA use.
Bron, deze klikt gelijk door naar een pdf dus die wil zich graag opslaan op je PC, danweetjedat